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Additional Presentations
  • “Modeling the impact of pitch canker and induced resistance on growth in Monterey pine” – Greg Reynolds
  • “How induced resistance can modify the distribution of susceptibility phenotypes in Pinus radiata” – Neil McRoberts
  • “The effect of resin components on growth and infection of pines by the pitch canker pathogen” – Stephanie Slinski
  • “Establishment of monitoring plots at Pt. Reyes National Seashore” – Sharon Kirkpatrick

Summary of current research on pitch canker at the University of California

Prepared by : Thomas R. Gordon (Principal Investigator: UC Davis), David L. Wood (Principal Investigator, UC Berkeley) and Andrew J. Storer (UC Berkeley)

We are working closely with CDF to address the priorities for research identified in SB 1712. Major activities may be grouped in the following categories:

1. Distribution of pitch canker in California

CDF is taking the lead role in this effort by conducting surveys and collecting samples of suspect material. We are providing confirmation through isolation and identification of the pathogen. We also identify the specific strains that are recovered, thereby gaining information on their location and movement within the state.

In addition to statewide surveys of disease distribution, we are monitoring disease development in permanent plots, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service. These plots provide a measure of how pitch canker will progress in native stands of species where the disease has not yet become a serious problem: knobcone, ponderosa and bishop pines. We also continue to monitor disease development in Monterey pine stands that have suffered a range of impacts from the disease. This work is supported by the U.S. Forest Service and the Pebble Beach Company.

2. Risk of disease to conifers in currently uninfested parts of the state

The risk of pitch canker in forested areas where it does not already occur is a function of the potential for the pathogen to reach those areas and the prospects for establishment once it arrives.

A. Risk of disease spread

Work in this area is focused on survival of the pathogen in the various substrates on which it might be transported.

1) Potential for movement of the pathogen on infected seedlings

Our research has shown that pitch canker can kill seedlings but also that non-lethal infections may occur and remain cryptic for over one year and perhaps longer. Thus apparently healthy seedlings constitute a risk for movement of the pitch canker pathogen. On-going studies will assess the upper limits of survival on symptomless trees and the potential for these infections to subsequently become active.

2) Potential for movement of the pathogen in infested soil

Studies already completed show the pitch canker pathogen can survive for at least several months in wet soil and at least 18 months in dry soil. This was somewhat unexpected because this fungus does not produce the kind of survival structures usually associated with persistence in soil. Experiments are planned to determine whether or not the pathogen has alternative modes of growth in soil or simply survives as inactive spores.

3) Potential for movement of the pathogen on seed

Our previous work has shown that Monterey pine seed collected in infested areas has a high probability of carrying the pathogen, even if the branch from which the cones were collected is free of disease. In most cases the infestation is superficial and can be eliminated by soaking in 20% bleach. However, the pathogen can be borne internally and no methods are presently available to effectively treat seeds in this condition.

B. Risk of disease establishment

Pitch canker is a serious problem in coastal areas of California for the following reasons: 1) highly susceptible hosts are widely available, 2) the weather is conducive to infection throughout the year, and 3) insect vectors are abundant. The extent to which similar conditions prevail in other parts of the state will largely determine the risk of pitch canker becoming established in those areas. Our research will quantify the relevant factors, ultimately providing the basis for a statewide risk assessment model.

1) The susceptibility of the low elevation conifers:

Ponderosa Pine
Gray Pine
Knobcone Pine
Bishop Pine
Douglas-fir
Shore Pine

 

In order to provide a comprehensive view of each species, we have obtained seed from multiple provenances, effectively covering their statewide ranges. These seed have been sown and trees will be inoculated when they are 1-2 years old. We have also conducted tests on older trees of each species that were available through the nursery trade. Results from these tests indicate that Douglas-fir is relatively resistant to pitch canker, but all of the pines are clearly susceptible. Ponderosa pine is the most variable of these, with some trees being highly susceptible and others fairly resistant. These tests also included pinyon pine, which appeared relatively resistant and coulter pine, which was intermediate in susceptibility.

2) Climatic limitations on survival and infection by the pitch canker pathogen

Research already completed has shown that the pathogen is extremely tolerant of drying. It can survive in wood chips at 35 C (95 F) and 0% relative humidity for at least four weeks (longer time intervals are now being tested). These findings indicate that the arid Central Valley is not likely to pose a barrier to short term survival of the pathogen. However, warm dry conditions probably will limit the infection process. Studies are underway to determine the minimum levels of atmospheric moisture required for an infection to become established. Results to date indicate that infections can occur under fairly dry conditions if a sufficiently deep wound is provided. Because insects appear to be the most important wounding agents, we need to better characterize the manner in which twig beetles and other vectors introduce the pathogen into the tree. These studies are also in progress.

Also of interest is the effect of low temperature on the pathogen. Studies already completed have shown that the fungus cannot grow or cause infections below 10 C (50 F), and that it grows only very slowly at 14 C (57 F). As a result, the pathogen will encounter progressively less favorable conditions as it moves northward in latitude or upward in elevation. However, as with warm dry conditions, the fungus can survive very low temperatures.

Further insight into the effects of climate on disease development will be gained from the continued monitoring of permanent plots. These include urban plantings of Monterey pine on an east-west transect running from the coast, inland to the Diablo Valley near Walnut Creek. Permanent plots have also been established in native Monterey pine forests on the Monterey Peninsula. To date, results have shown that disease develops most rapidly in plots closest to the coast.

3) Host range of insect vectors

The insects that vector pitch canker are native associates of California conifers and many have wide host ranges. However, many of these insects may have strong preferences for certain host species. This could limit the movement of disease from, for example, infected Monterey pine, to a nearby susceptible ponderosa pine. Studies are in progress to characterize the frequency with which twig beetles, and some of their associated species such as predators, move between pine species

3. Management of pitch canker on Monterey pine

Monterey pine is presently the most important host for pitch canker and the rapid development of the disease in native populations is of particular concern. Our work in this area may be divided into two categories: genetic resistance and regeneration.

A) Genetic resistance in Monterey pine

Previous work has shown that individual trees in native forests and in urban plantings show great variation in their susceptibility to pitch canker. This includes both highly susceptible and highly resistant trees, with most falling between these two extremes. Current work on genetic resistance is intended to: 1) advance efforts to develop and deploy resistant trees in areas heavily impacted by pitch canker, 2) understand the genetics of inheritance of resistance, 3) determine the extent to which untested strains of the pathogen or environmental conditions may overcome resistance to pitch canker in Monterey pine, 4) determine whether or not ecotypic variation exists within Monterey pine populations that would dictate ecological limits for use of resistant genotypes in native forests, and 5) to better understand the nature of induced resistance to pitch canker.

1) Development of resistant trees

We are working with CDF, the U.S. Forest Service, the Pebble Beach Company and the City of Carmel to identify and propagate genetically resistant trees. This includes the development of clonal hedges for producing rooted cuttings of known resistant individuals, and determining the frequency of resistance in seedlings originating from seed produced by resistant trees. We are also testing the potential for insects to overcome resistance indicated by mechanical inoculation.

2) Inheritance of resistance to pitch canker

Utilizing both standing trees and seed from various sources, experiments have been designed to reveal the genetic basis of resistance to pitch canker. The results of these studies will reveal whether or not resistance is conferred by multiple genes, as available data suggests, and/or if major gene resistance is involved. We will also gain insight into possible differences between native populations with respect to the frequency of resistance.

3) Effects of exotic strains and environmental conditions on resistance

Preliminary testing under growth chamber conditions has shown that strains originating from other parts of the world, such as Florida and Mexico can be more virulent than strains already resident in California. Further testing of such strains is planned to determine the extent of this variation and what limits it may place on the durability of genetic resistance to pitch canker under California conditions. Work already completed has shown that temperature is an important influence on the rate of pathogen development on susceptible trees. Experiments are planned to determine how this factor may influence the utility of resistant genotypes in landscape settings.

4) Monterey pine ecotypes

In the interest of maintaining the native genetic structure of Monterey forests, reforestation with resistant trees should use appropriate genetic stock. Unfortunately, only very limited information is available on the nature of the genetic variation within individual populations of Monterey pine, making it difficult to define limits for the use of a given genotype. For this reason we have undertaken a study of the distribution of genetic variation on the Monterey Peninsula by collecting seed from trees on all the geomorphic surfaces which support Monterey pine stands. Representatives from all of these collections (280 parent trees) have been established in five common garden sites on the Monterey Peninsula. The results of this study will provide guidelines for the deployment of pitch canker resistant trees in the native forest. The California Department of Transportation is providing funding for this work and the Pebble Beach Company and the Del Monte Forest Foundation have donated land for the experimental plantings.

5) Induced resistance to pitch canker

Our research has shown that trees repeatedly inoculated with the pitch canker pathogen tend to become less susceptible over time. Furthermore, recent observations in long term monitoring plots show evidence of disease remission, which may reflect natural occurrence of the same phenomenon. Experiments are in progress to determine whether or not induced resistance can be manipulated to provide a means of protecting susceptible trees. In these experiments, both planted and native trees are being treated to determine if their susceptibility to pitch canker can be significantly reduced. Possible applications of this technique would include protection of valuable landscape trees and disease management in Christmas tree farm operations.

B) Regeneration

Because naturally occurring genetic resistance is found in the native populations of Monterey pine, susceptible trees should eventually be replaced by those that are more resistant. Of course, this will require regeneration, something that fire suppression has rendered problematic in many areas. To address this concern, studies have been initiated to test the effects of prescribed burning and other forms of removing under-story vegetation on seedling establishment and the incidence of pitch canker-induced seedling mortality.

4. Management of infested material

The extensive tree mortality caused by pitch canker in several coastal counties has generated a great volume of infested material, which must be processed in a way that does not spread the disease. Our research has focused on the handling of two classes of material: branches of various size classes that are suitable for chipping and tree trunks that could be cut for firewood or other uses. For branches we have collected several years of data, which documents that chipping immediately eliminates most of the insects associated with this material. The pathogen however survives for over a year in chipped wood. Thus it remains prudent to uses chipped wood only in an already infested area. Our research has shown that composting is an effective method for eliminating the pathogen from chipped wood. Continuous exposure to temperatures at or above 50 C (122 F) for ten days is sufficient for this purpose.

For logs we have studied the time course of insect departure after cutting and survival of the pathogen. As with the chipped wood, the pathogen survives very well, being recoverable for over one year after the tree is cut. Large numbers of insects emerge from logs during the first four months after they are cut but some emergence continues for up to one year. These studies are continuing to determine the end point of insect emergence and pathogen survival. Presently we regard one year as a preferred minimum period for a log to remain in-place before movement out of the zone of infestation. To minimize the risk of the pathogen on the surface of logs being dispersed when the wood is moved, any of several registered fungicidal materials can be applied. Our tests show that some of these materials are effective, in that the fungus is not recoverable from the surface of the logs after the treatment. Debarking can be beneficial as well but fungicidal treatment is still required to eliminate the pathogen on the surface of the logs.

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Selected Bibliography on Pitch Canker

A

Abendroth, Balin O. 1994. Cambria Opinion Survey: Forest Management and Erosion Control Program. Natural Resources Magaement Department, California Polytechnic State University.

Adams, D. 1989. Incidence of pine pitch canker in California 1988-1989. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Sacramento, CA.

Adams, W. T. 1983. Applications of isozymes in tree breeding. Pages 381-400 in S. D. Tanksley and T. J. Orton (eds.), Isozymes in Plant Genetics and Breeding. Part A. Elsevier Science Publishers. Amsterdam, Holland.

Adams, D. 1997. Monterey pine forest health. Fremontia 25:27-30.

Aitken, J., K. J. Hogan, and T. A. Thorpe. 1981. Influence of explant selection on the shoot-forming capacity of juvenile tissue of Pinus radiata. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11(1):112-117.

Allen, D. W. 1992a. Botanical report for Del Monte Forest lot development program development areas P/Q/R. Pebble Beach Company. Pebble Beach, CA.

. 1992b. Botanical report for Del Monte Forest lot development program subdivision numbers 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 17. Pebble Beach Company. Pebble Beach, CA.

. 1992c. Review and update of botanical survey for Del Monte Forest subdivision numbers 3 through 7 and 9 through 13. Pebble Beach Company. Pebble Beach, CA.

Anderson, R.L. 1986. New method for assessing contamination of slash and loblolly pine seeds by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Plant Disease 70:452-453.

Anderson, R.L. and others. 1980. Occurrence of internal seed fungi in slash pine seed produced in seed orchards. Southeast Area, State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service.

Anonymous. 1979. Pest Alert. Pitch canker of pines. USDA Forest Service Bulletin SA-PB/PL.

Anonymous. 1994. “Grinch” fungus threatens Christmas trees.California Agriculture 48:4-5.

Artman, J.E. 1973. Eastern white pine – a new host for Fusarium lateritium f. pini. Plant Disease Report 57:182-184.

Axelrod, D. J. 1967. Evolution of the California closed-cone pine forest. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Biology of the California Islands. Santa Barbara Botanical Garden. Santa Barbara, CA.

. 1981. Holocene climatic changes in relation to vegetation disjunction and speciation. American Naturalist 117(6):847-870.

. 1982. Age and origin of the Monterey endemic area. Madrono 29(3): 127-147.

B

Badran, A. A. 1949. Maintenance of seed viability in closed-cone pines. M.S. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA.

Bannister, M. H. 1965. Variation in the breeding system of Pinus radiata. Pages 353-374 in H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (eds.), Genetics of Colonizing Species – Proceedings of the 1st International Union of Biological Sciences Symposia on General Biology, 1964, Asilomar, CA. Academic Press. New York, NY.

Bannister, M. H., H. V. Brewerton, and I. R. C. McDonald. 1959. Vapor-phase chromatography in the study of hybridism in Pinus. Svensk Papperstidning 4(2):567-573.      

Bannister, M. J., A. L. Williams, J. R. McDonald, and M. B. Forde. 1986. Variation of terpene composition in five population samples of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 5(3):486-495.

Barbour, M. G., and J. Major (eds). 1977. Terrestrial vegetation of California. J. Wiley and Sons. New York, NY.

Barnard, E.L. and G.M. Blakeslee. 1980. Pitch canker of slash pine seedlings: A new disease in forest tree nurseries. Plant Disease 64:695-696.

Barnett, P.E. and E. Thor. 1979. Effects of site and inheritanceon Fusarium incidence in Virginia pine. Proc. Symposium for the management of Pines of the Interior South ,Knoxville, TN. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forests Southeast Area, Tech. Publication SA-TP2.

Barr, B. A., D. L. Hanson, and C. S. Koehler. 1978. Red turpentine beetle — a pest of pines. (Leaflet 21055.) University of California, Division of Agriculture Science.

Barrows, J.B. and L.D. Dwinell. 1978. Decay of gladiolus corms caused by the pine pitch canker fungus, Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Phytopathology News 12:174.

Barrows-Broaddus, Jane B. 1986. A seed and cone disease of southern pines caused by the pitch canker fungus in: Current topics in forest research: Emphasis on contributions by women scientists. Proc. of a National Symposium, Gainesville, Florida.

Barrows-Broaddus, Jane B. 1987. Pitch canker in: Sutherland, J.R. and others (eds.). Cone and seed diseases on North American conifers. North American Forestry Commissioner Pub. Number 1.

Barrows-Broaddus, J. and L.D. Dwinell. 1979. Variation in virulence of diverse sources of Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans on Virginia and loblolly pine. Phytopathology 69:1-2.

Barrows-Broaddus, J. and L.D. Dwinell. 1985. Branch dieback and cone and seed infection caused by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans in a loblolly pine seed orchard in South Carolina. Phytopathology 75:1104-1108.

Barrows-Broaddus, J. and L.D. Dwinell. 1980. Decay and colonization of gladiolus corms by the pine pitch canker fungus. Phytopathology 70:847-850.

Barrows-Broaddus, Jane and L.D. Dwinell. 1987. Evaluation of Arthrobacter sp., Fusarium moniliforme var. moniliforme and thiabendazole as controls of the pitch canker fungus on slash pine. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases 2:64.

Barrows-Broaddus, Jane and L.D. Dwinell. 1987. Evaluation of Arthrobacter sp., Fusarium moniliforme var. moniliforme and thiabendazole as controls of the pitch canker fungus on Virginia pine. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases 2:65.

Barrows-Broaddus, Jane B. and L.D. Dwinell. 1983. Histopathology of Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans in four species of southern pine. Phytopathology 73:882-889.

Barrows-Broaddus, Jane B. and L.D. Dwinell. 1984. Variation in susceptibility to the pitch canker fungus among half-sib and full-sib families of Virginia pine. Phytopathology 74:438-444.

Barrows-Broaddus, J. and others. 1985. Evaluation of Arthrobacter sp. as a biocontrol of the pitch canker fungus (Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans) on slash pines. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31:888-892.

Barrows-Broaddus, J. and others. 1983. Characterization of Arthrobacter strains isolated from the pine environment that inhibit Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans, the causal agent of pine pitch canker. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 29:1382-1389.

Barry, J. W. 1974. Plant succession at Point Lobos State Reserve. California Native Plant Society, Monterey Bay Chapter. Monterey, CA.

Bega, Robert V. (tech. coord.). 1978. Diseases of Pacific Coast conifers. (Agriculture Handbook 521.) U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC.

Berry, C.R. and G.H. Hepting. 1959. Pitch canker of southern pines. USDA Forest Service Pest Leaflet 35.

Bethune, J.E. and G.H. Hepting. 1959. Pitch canker damage to southern Florida slash pine. Journal of Forestry 61:517-522.

Blakeslee, G. M., R. D. Dorset, S. W. Oak. 1978. Inoculum dispersal of the pine pitch canker fungus, Fusarium moniliforma var. subglutinans. United States of America, American Phytopathological Society: Abstracts, Phytopathology. St. Paul, MN.

Blakeslee, G.M. and D.L. Rockwood. 1978. Variation in resistance of slash pine to pitch canker caused by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Phytopathology News 12:207-208.

Blakeslee, G.M. and others. 1978. Natural association of Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans with Pissodes nemorensis. Phytopathology News 12:207.

Blakeslee, G.M. and S.W. Oak. 1979. Significant mortality associated with pitch canker infection of slash pine in Florida. Plant Disease Report 63:1023-1025.

Blakeslee, G.M., R.D. Dorset, and S,.W. Oak. 1979. Inoculum dispersal of the pine pitch canker fungus, Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. (Abstract). Phytopathology 69:1022.

Blakeslee, G.M. and others. 1980. Pitch canker of southern pines: identification and management considerations. USDA Forest Service, SA State and Private Forestry Report SA-FR11.

Blakeslee, G.M. and others. 1992. Influence of periodic water stress on pitch canker disease in resistant and susceptible slash pine families. Phytopathology 82:1096.

Blakeslee, G.M. and others. 1978. Sporodochia of the pitch canker fungus (Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans) as found on disease slash pine in Florida. Plant Disease Report 62:656-657.

Blanchette, Robert A. 1989. Report to USIA, Washington, D.C. 20547: Academic Specialist Grant to Professor Robert A. Blanchette to conduct a forest pathology course at Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo and to observe tree disease situation in urban areas, nurseries and forests. On file with: L.D. Dwinell.

Booth, C. 1971. The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham, Royal, Bucks. Mycological Institute, Kew, England.

Bowen, W. R., L. R. Brown, C. S. Koehler, R. J. Laake, and A. H. McCain. 1977. Pest and disease control guide for Christmas trees. (Leaflet 2994.) University of California, Division of Agriculture Science.

Bright, D. E., Jr., and R. W. Stark. 1973. The bark and ambrosia beetles of California. Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Bulletin on California Insect Survey, Volume 16. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA.

Brown, A. H., and G. F. Moran. 1981. Isozymes and the genetic resources of forest trees.  Pages 1-10 in M. T. Conkle (eds.), Proceedings of a Symposium on Isozymes of North American Forest Trees and Forest Insects. (General Technical Report PSW-48.) U.S. Forest Service, Genetic Technology. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, CA.

Burdon, R. D., and C. B. Low. 1977. Variation in needle characters of Pinus radiata from mainland California. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 7(1):16-20.

Burke, H. E. 1937. Important insect enemies of the Monterey pine. Pages 21-30 in Proceedings of the Fourth Western Shade Tree Conference. Western Shade Tree Conference. Santa Barbara, CA.

Byers, J.A. and D.L. Wood. 1980. Interspecific inhibition of theresponse of the bark beetles, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte and Ips paraconfusus Lanier, to their pheromones in the field. Journal of Chemical Ecology 6:149-64.

Byrne, T. G., and W. D. Hamilton. 1963. Monterey pine “die-back”. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Growing Points: Central Coast Counties. May. University of California, Agriculture Extension Service. Berkeley, CA.

Byrne, T. G., W. D. Hamilton, and M. R. Bell. 1965. Monterey pine needle cast seen now. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Growing Points: Central Coast Counties. May. University of California, Agricultural Extension Service. Berkeley, CA.

C

Cain, S. A. 1944. Foundations of plant geography. Harper & Brothers. New York, NY.   

California. Resources Agency. 1979. Point Lobos State Reserve and Carmel River State Beach general plan. Prepared by California Department of Parks and Recreation. Sacramento, CA.

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. Department of Food and Agriculture. 1988. Pine pitch canker in California. May. Sacramento, CA.

Carey, W.A. and W.D. Kelley. 1994. First report of Fusarium subglutinans as a cause of late-season mortality in longleaf pine nurseries. Plant Disease 78:754.

Carey, W.A. and W.D. Kelley. 1994. Late-season mortality in longleaf pine nurseries caused by Fusarium subglutinans. Phytopathology 84:1096.

Carey, W.A. and W.D. Kelley. 1994. Interaction of ozone exposure and Fusarium subglutinans inoculation on growth and disease development of loblolly pine seedlings. Environmental Pollution 84:35-43.

Cashion, Norma Louella. 1979. “Effects of nutrition on susceptibility of slash and loblolly pines to Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans and studies on the fungus in vitro.” Master of Science Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.

Chorover, Jon and Joe McBride. 1987. Structure and Function of the Monterey Pine Forest at Cambria, California.

Chu-Chou, M. 1985. Effect of different mycorrhizal fungi on Pinus radiata seedling growth.  Page 206 in R. Molina (comp.), Proceedings of the 6th North American Conference on Mycorrhizae, June 25-29, 1984. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR.

Cianciulli, P. L. 1953. Monterey pine. Notes on habitat of P. radiata and its spread across continents. Publicacao, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo. (No. 184.) (Reprinted from Loetin de Agricultura, Sao Paulo 1951.) Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Claeson, A. and W.H. Smith. 1977. Nutrient gradients and pitch canker incidence on slash pine along radii from a poultry farm. Proc. Soil Crop Science Society of Florida 37:142-146.

Clapper, R.B. 1954. Stimulation of pine oleoresin flow by fungus inoculation. Economic Bot. 8:269-284.

Clifton, A. L. 1964. “Soil surveying for Pinus radiata in Washington; a brief outline of the occurrence of Pinus radiata soils and the procedure used for surveying them by the Department of Forests of Washington.” Dissertation for B.S. in Forestry.

Cobb, F. W., and D. R. Miller. 1968. Hosts and geographic distribution of Scirrhia pini, the cause of red band needle blight in California. Journal of Forestry 77(12):930-932.

Cockayne, A. H. 1914. The Monterey pine. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture 8(1): 1-26.

Coffman, Taylor. 1995. The Cambria Forest: Reflections on its Native Pines and its Eventful Past. Coastal Heritage Press. (Draft to be released in summer 1995.)

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. 1967. Coastal dunes of California. Geological Society of America. Boulder, CO.

Correll, J.C. and others. 1992. Genetic Diversity in California and Florida Populations of the Pitch Canker Fungus Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini. Phytopathology 82(4):415-420.

Correll, J.C. and others. 1991. Pitch Canker Disease in California: Pathogenicity, Distribution, and Canker Development on Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata). Plant Disease 75(7):676-682.

Correll, J.C. and others. 1988. Examination of genetic diversity in populations of the pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium subglutinans. Phytopathology 78:1575.

Cox, P. 1947. A silvical report on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Open file data of University Extension Urban Forester program. University of California, School of Forestry. Berkeley, CA.

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Cromer, D. A. N. 1961. Progress in measuring factors of habitat. Paper at Symposium on Research Methods in the Study of Forest Regeneration. 10th Pacific Science Congress. Honolulu, HI.

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Cromer, R. N., K. G. Eldridge, D. Tompkins, and N. J. Barr. 1982. Intraspecific variation in the response of Pinus radiata to saline and waste water. Australian Forest Research 12(3):203- 215.

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D, E

Dadswell, H. E., J. M. Fielding, J. W. Nicholls, and A. G. Brown. 1961. Tree-to-tree variations and the gross heritability of wood characteristics of Pinus radiata. Tappi 44(3):174-179.

Deghi, Gary S. and others. 1995. “California’s Native Monterey Pine Populations: Potential for Sustainability.” Fremontia.

DeLucca, A.J., J.J. Dunn, A. Ciegler, and E.G. Kuhlman. 1982. The inability of Fusarium species extracts to induce dieback in pines. Mycopathologia 79:105-108.

De Lasaux, Michael and others. 1994. Feasibility Study Erosion Control & Forest Management Cambria, California. Prepared for Planning Department San Luis Obispo County.

Douglas, R. 1966. Silvical characteristics of Monterey pine. (U.S. Forest Service Research Paper PSW-31.) Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, CA. Prepared for U.S. Forest Service, Berkeley, CA.

Duffield, J. W. 1951. “Interrelationships of the California closed-cone pines with special reference to Pinus muricata Don”. Ph.D. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA.

Dunning, D. 1914. Report on Monterey pine. Part II, Section A. University of California. Berkeley, CA.

. 1916. ” A working plan for the Del Monte Forest of the Pacific Improvement Company.” M.S. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA.

Dwinell, L.D. 1976. A dieback of loblolly pine in seed orchards. Proc. American Phytopathology Society 3:335.

Dwinell, L.D. 1976. Comparative research on pitch canker of slash pine and loblolly pine dieback in Crowe, D.E.(ed.). Recent development in forestry research; Smoke management, non-point source pollution and pitch canker. University of Florida Resource Rep. 3.

Dwinell, L.D. 1978. Susceptibility of southern pines to infection by Fusarium moniliforme var subglutinans. Plant Disease Reporter 62:108-111.

Dwinell, L.D. 1988. Comparative pathology of Fusarium subglutinans isolated from Monterey pine in California and southern pines. Phytopathology 78:1607.

Dwinell, L.D. and D. Adams. 1993. Dieback of Monterey pine in Central Coastal California. Proceeds from VII International Fusarium Workshop, Penn. State University.

Dwinell, L.D. and J.B. Barrows. 1978. Recovery of the pine pitch canker fungus from pine plantation and seed orchard soil. Phytopathology News 12:207.

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Phelps, W.R. and C.W. Chellman. 1976. Evaluation of “pitch canker” in Florida slash pine plantations and seed orchards -1976. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Area, unnumbered.

Plessas, M. E., and S. H. Strauss. 1986. Allozyme differentiation among populations, stands, and cohorts in Monterey pine. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 16(1):1155-1164.

Pryor, L. D. 1942. Plant succession and pine regeneration. Australian Forestry 6(2):87-96.

. 1953. Effect of shade and root competition on early growth in Pinus radiata. Institute of Foresters of Australia – Newsletter 4(3):4.

Raupach, M. 1967. Soil and fertilizer requirements for forests of Pinus radiata. Advances in Agronomy 19:307-53.

Readel, Lisa. Letter to the editor. Monterey Herald, February 1995.

Reunion, G.B. and R.I. Bruck. 1988. The effects of thiabendazole on Fusarium subglutinans, the causal agent of pitch canker of loblolly pine. Plant Disease 72:297-300.

Reunion, G.B. and others. 1993. Effects of carbofuran and thiabendazole on incidence of pitch canker of loblolly pine. Plant Disease 77:166-169.

Richards, B. N., and G. K. Voight. 1965. Nitrogen accumulation in coniferous forest eco-systems. Pages 105-116 in Forest soil relationships in North America. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, Oregon.

Rockwood, D.L. and others. 1988. Genetic strategies for reducing pitch canker incidence in slash pine. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12:28-32.

Rowe, P. B. 1955. Effects of the forest floor on disposition of rainfall in pine stands. Journal of Forestry 53(5):342-348.

Roy, D. F. 1966. Silvical characteristics of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). (Research Paper PSW-31.) U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, CA.

Ruckes, H. 1958. Some observations on the Monterey pine cone beetle, Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins (Coleoptera: scolytidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 15(3):214-215.

S

Santos, J.J.G. 1995. El cancro resinoso causado por Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. Y Reink.) Nelson, Tousson y Marasas, una nueva enfermedad de Pinus spp. en Mexico. Master=s Thesis, Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Mexico. 97 pp.

Santos, J.J.G. and Tovar, D.C. 1991. Algunos aspectos sobre el cancro resinoso de los pinos. (Abstr.) VI Simposio Nacional Sobre Parasitologia Forestal, October 1991. Unidad de Congresos del Colegio de Poatradados, Montecillos, Edo, Mexico.

Schaefer, C. H. 1962. “The life history, development and distribution of the Monterey pine cone beetle, Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins.” Ph.D. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA.

. 1963. Factors affecting the distribution of the Monterey pine cone beetle (Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins) in central California. Hilgardia 34(4): 79-103.

. 1964. Physical and physiological changes in the adult Monterey Pine cone beetle, Conophthorus radiatae (Coleptera: scolytidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 57(2):195-197.

Scharpf, R. F. 1993. Diseases of Pacific coast conifers. (Agriculture Handbook No. 521.) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Albany, CA.

Schmidt, R.A. 1976. Pitch canker in Florida: History, current status and future research in D.R. Crowe (ed.). Recent development in forestry research: Smoke management, nonpoint source pollution and pitch canker. University of Florida Resource Report 3.

Schmidt, R.A. and E.M. Underhill. 1974. Incidence and impact of pitch canker in slash pine plantations in Florida. Plant Disease Reporter 58:451-454.

Schmidt, R.A. and others. 1976. Drought and weevils associated with severe incidence of pitch canker in Volusia County, Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Science Progress Report, 76-2.

Scott, C. W. 1960. Pinus radiata. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Forestry and Forest Products Studies. 14. Rome, Italy.

Shepherd, K. R. 1964. Some observations on the effect of drought on the growth of Pinus radiata D. Don. Australian Forestry 28(1):7-22.

Shreve, F. 1918. Geobotany of the Santa Lucia Mountains. Yearbook of the Carnegie Institute of Washington. Washington, DC.

Simpfendorfer, K. J. 1966. History of Pinus radiata D. Don. (Forestry Technical Paper No. 17.) Victoria Forestry Commission. Melbourne, Australia.

Smith, H. 1990. Forest management plan for the hospice of the central coast parcel A of the old capitol site. Urban Forestry Consulting.

Smith, M. E. 1943. Micronutrients essential for the growth of Pinus radiata. Australian Forestry 21(2):117-119.

Snyder, W.C., E.R. Toole, and G.H. Hepting. 1949. Fusaria associated with mimosa wilt, and pine pitch canker. J. Agric. Res. 78:365-382.

Staub, S. 1992. Forest management plan for Macomber Estates, lot 14, block 127, Rancho El Pescadero, Pebble Beach, A.P. #8-162-0/Monterey County. Monterey, CA.

Stebbins, G. L., Jr. 1942. The genetic approach to problems of rare and endemic species.  Madrono 6(8):241-272.

. 1993. Cooperation in conservation of California’s rare habitats and species. Pages 11-15 in J. E. Keeley (ed.), Interface between Ecology and Land Development in California. Southern California Academy of Sciences. Los Angeles, CA.

Stegall, W.A., Jr. 1966. Fruiting of Fusarium lateritium pini on naturally infected pine pitch cankers. Plant Disease Rep. 50:476-477.

Stockwell, P., and F. I. Righter. 1946. Pinus: the fertile species hybrid between knobcone and Monterey pines. Madrono 8:157-160.

Stoddard, C. H. 1947. Forestry in the Monterey pine. American Forestry 53(6):251-275.  

Storer, A. J., and P. L. Dallara. 1992. Pitch canker disease in California. (Tree Notes No. 15. November.) California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Sacramento, CA.

Storer, A.J. and others. 1994. Pitch Canker Disease. Hortscript, 6. University of California Cooperative Extension.

Storer, A.J. and others. 1994. Entomological and pathological aspects of pitch canker disease in California. In Proceedings of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Maui, Hawaii.

Storer, A.J. and others. 1994. Pitch Canker in California: Geographic and host range expansion. California Agriculture.

Storer, A.J. and others. 1994. Pitch canker kills pines, spreads to new soecies and regions. California Agriculture 48:9-13.

Storer, A.J., T.R. Gordon, P.L. Dallara, and D.L. Wood. 1994. Pitch canker kills pines, spreads to new species and regions. California Agriculture 48:9-13.

Storer, A.J., T.R. Gordon, D.L. Wood, and P.L. Dallara. 1995. Entomological and pathological aspects of pitch canker disease in California. Pages 573-586 in Hain, F.P., S.M. Salom, W.F.

Ravlin, T.L. Payne, and K.F. Raffa (eds.) Proceedings of a Joint IUFRO Working Party Conference, Maui, Hawaii, February 6-11, 1994.

Storer, A.J., T.R. Gordon, D.L. Wood, and P.L. Dallara. 1995. Pitch canker in California. California Forestry Note No. 110, California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection, Sacramento. 16 pp.

Storer, AJ., T.R. Gordon, D.L. Wood, and P. Bonello. 1997. Pitch canker disease of pines – current and future impacts. J. Forestry 95:21-26.

Strubble, G. R. 1961. Monterey pine ips. (Pest Leaflet 56.)  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, DC.

Sudworth, G. B. 1967. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. Dover Publications. New York, NY.

Sweet, M. 1972. A bibliography for Pinus radiata. Supplement for 1969-70. Forestry & Timber Bureau. Canberra, Australia.

. 1975. A bibliography for Pinus radiata. Supplement for 1971-71. Forestry & Timber Bureau. Canberra, Australia.

. 1980. Pinus radiata: A bibliography supplement for 1973-75. (Division Report No. 4.) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Forestry Research. Canberra, Australia.

Synder, W.C. and others. 1949. Fusaria associated with mimosa wilt, and pine pitch canker. Journal of Agricultural Res. 78:365-382.

T

Taylor, R., and G. D’Abrosio. 1979. A guide to the management of Carmel’s forest, parks and beach. Carmel Forest Commission. Carmel, CA.

Templeton, S.R., D.L. Wood, A.J. Storer, and T.R. Gordon. 1997. Economic damages of pitch canker. Fremontia 25:10-14.

Thomson, A. P. 1950. A bibliography of Pinus radiata. For. Res. Notes, New Zealand Forest Service 1(1):1-14.

Thomson, A. P., and K. W. Prior. 1958. Natural regeneration of Pinus radiata following the Balmoral forest fire. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 7(5):51-70.

Tjosvold, S. A. 1988. Treatment of pitch canker on Monterey pine with Fungisol injection. Agricultural Extension, University of California. Watsonville, CA. Journal of Agriculture. 14(5):135-136.

Todd, L. R. 1934. Pinus insignis and Pinus radiata. Madrono 2(17):158-159.

U, V

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 1973. Program on man and the biosphere, expert panel on project 8: Conservation of natural areas and the genetic material they contain. Final report. MAB Report, UNESCO No. 12. Paris, France.

U.S. Forest Service. 1908. Monterey pine. Don. (Silvical Leaflet 39.) Washington, DC. 1941. Bibliography of early California forestry, Monterey County. Washington, DC.

Valluri, J.V. and E.J. Soltes. 1990. Callose formation during wound-inoculated reaction of Pinus elliottii to Fusarium subglutinans. Phytochemistry 29:71-72.

van Laar, A. The influence of environmental factors on the radial growth of Pinus radiata. South African Forestry Journal 61:24-39.

Viljoen, A. and others. 1993. Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini associated with seedlings in South Africa:Characterization and identification. Proceeds of VII International Fusarium Workshop, Pennsylvania State University.

Viljoen, A. and others. 1994. First Report of Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini on pine seedlings in South Africa. Plant Disease 78:309-312.

Viljoen, A., M.J. Wingfield, W.F.O. Morasas, and T.A. Coutinho. 1995. Characterization of Fusarium isolates from gladiolus corms pathogenic to pines. Plant Dis. 79:1240-1244.

Viljoen, A., W.F.O. Marasas, M.J. Wingfield, and C.D. Viljoen. 1997. Characterization of Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini causing root disease of Pinus patula seedlings in South Africa. Mycological Research 101:437-445.

Vogl, R. J., K. L. W. Armstrong, and K. L. Cole. 1988. The closed-cone pines and cypresses. Pages 295-358 in Michael G. Barbour and Jack Major (eds.), Terrestrial Vegetation of California. (Special Publication No. 9.) California Native Plant Society. Sacramento, CA.

W

Webber, I. S. 1928. Pleistocene woods from Carpenteria, California. M.A. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA.

White, K. L. 1967. Structure and composition of native Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) forests (of California). Abstract in Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 48(2):70.

Wilkinson, R.C. and others. 1977. Pitch canker incidence and fertilizer-insecticide treatment. Institute of Food & Agricultural Science, Report 77-1.

Williams, J. W. 1970. Geomorphic history of Carmel Valley and Monterey Peninsula, California. Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University. Stanford, CA.

Wood, D.L. and Others. 1990. Epidemiology and control of pitch canker in California 1989-1990. University of California, Berkeley, Report.

Compiled by S.L. Clark
Pine Pitch Canker Task Force
1995

Updates Pitch Canker Bibliography
Compiled by L. David Dwinell/Edited by Russ Henly
Last Update – January 1998.

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Selected Bibliography on Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata D. Don)

Reference Information

A bibliography of published and unpublished reports that deal with Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) was compiled by Jones & Stokes Associates for the California Department of Fish and Game. The bibliography is annotated by topic area and focuses on topics that are relevant to the ecology and management of native Monterey pine forest in California.

A variety of sources were consulted to locate historic and recent published and unpublished reports, including University of California libraries (Berkeley, Davis, and Santa Cruz); California State University, Sacramento, library; California State Library; Pebble Beach Company; and DIALOG database. To the extent possible, Jones & Stokes Associates obtained and reviewed reports listed in the bibliography. Jones & Stokes Associates is continuing to obtain published and unpublished reports. Publications that provide the best overview of the ecology of Monterey pine include Jones & Stokes Associates (1994a), J.B. McDonald (1959), C. W. Scott (1960), D.F. Roy (1966), McDonald and Laacke (1990), and Huffman and Associates (1994).

A limited number of reports dealing with commercial distribution, forest products, silviculture, and distribution of planted stands outside of California are included in the bibliography. The volume of material on these topics is quite large and these reports were, for the most part, not included in this bibliography. For a more extensive listing of published reports that deal with these topic areas, refer to B. Marris (1965, 1966) and M. Pert (1961).

Fifteen broad topic areas were chosen to categorize Monterey pine reports. Each topic area was numbered to annotate publications in the bibliography. The following fifteen topic areas were used:

1. Historical Distribution and General Historical Information: Reports that describe historical accounts and theories on the distribution of Monterey pine.

2. Present Distribution: Reports that provide descriptive information and maps that depict the present distribution of Monterey pine in California.

3. Evolution and Paleobotany: Reports that discuss the evolution of the California closed-pine forest, origin of the Monterey endemic area, Pleistocene closed-pine flora, and fossil records.

4. Reproduction and Regeneration: Reports on factors that affect reproduction and regeneration of Monterey pine stands; information on pollination, seed dissemination, and pollen dispersal.

5. Genetics: Reports that present genetic studies, including population genetics, molecular genetics, and natural selection.

6. Effects of Fire: Reports that discuss the effects and role of fire in Monterey pine forest, including experimental prescribed burns in Monterey pine stands.

7. Autecology/Environmental Factors: Reports that cover Monterey pine’s ecological relationship with soils, climate, and topography; including physiological and anatomical investigations.

8. Variation and Taxonomic Relationships: Reports that discuss variation in natural stands of Monterey pine and relationships with other closed-cone pines.

9. Species Associations and Plant Succession: Reports that discuss plants associated with Monterey pine stands and successional theories.

10. Morphology: Reports that discuss morphological variations in Monterey pines; this category is related to genetics and taxonomic relationships.

11. Diseases and Disease Control: Reports that include information on the identification and management of diseases that affect native and introduced Monterey pine stands.

12. Conservation and Management: Reports on conservation and management of Monterey pine stands in California.

13. Commercial Distribution and Forest Products: A limited number of reports provided in the bibliography deal with commercial distribution, forest products, and associated timber industry topics.

14. Silviculture: A limited number of reports provided in the bibliography deal with silvical characteristics of Monterey pine.

15. General Information: Reports that cover a broad range of subjects, including annotated bibliography lists.

An asterisk (*) placed before the following references indicates which report was obtained and reviewed by Jones & Stokes Associates. The remaining reports were not obtained by Jones & Stokes Associates and the annotation is based on the title or how the report was cited in another study. This bibliography should be cited as:

Jones & Stokes Associates, Inc. 1997. Selected bibliography on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). March. (JSA 93-214.) Sacramento, CA. Prepared for California Department of Fish and Game, Monterey, CA.

For more information contact Paul Cylinder by telephone at 916/737-3000 or by e-mail at paulc@jsanet.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A, B

* Adams, D. 1989. Incidence of pine pitch canker in California 1988-1989. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Sacramento, CA. 11

* Adams, W. T. 1983. Applications of isozymes in tree breeding. Pages 381-400 in S. D. Tanksley and T. J. Orton (eds.), Isozymes in Plant Genetics and Breeding. Part A. Elsevier Science Publishers. Amsterdam, Holland. 5

* Aitken, J., K. J. Hogan, and T. A. Thorpe. 1981. Influence of explant selection on the shoot-forming capacity of juvenile tissue of Pinus radiata. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11(1):112-117. 5

* Allen, D. W. 1992a. Botanical report for Del Monte Forest lot development program development areas P/Q/R. Pebble Beach Company. Pebble Beach, CA. 9, 12

* . 1992b. Botanical report for Del Monte Forest lot development program subdivision numbers 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 17. Pebble Beach Company. Pebble Beach, CA. 9, 12

* . 1992c. Review and update of botanical survey for Del Monte Forest subdivision numbers 3 through 7 and 9 through 13. Pebble Beach Company. Pebble Beach, CA. 9, 12

* Axelrod, D. J. 1967. Evolution of the California closed-cone pine forest. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Biology of the California Islands. Santa Barbara Botanical Garden. Santa Barbara, CA. 3

* . 1981. Holocene climatic changes in relation to vegetation disjunction and speciation. American Naturalist 117(6):847-870. 3

* . 1982. Age and origin of the Monterey endemic area. Madrono 29(3): 127-147. 3

Badran, A. A. 1949. Maintenance of seed viability in closed-cone pines. M.S. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA. 4, 12

* Bannister, M. H. 1965. Variation in the breeding system of Pinus radiata. Pages 353-374 in H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (eds.), Genetics of Colonizing Species – Proceedings of the 1st International Union of Biological Sciences Symposia on General Biology, 1964, Asilomar, CA. Academic Press. New York, NY. 4, 5

Bannister, M. H., H. V. Brewerton, and I. R. C. McDonald. 1959. Vapor-phase chromatography in the study of hybridism in Pinus. Svensk Papperstidning 4(2):567-573.       5

Bannister, M. J., A. L. Williams, J. R. McDonald, and M. B. Forde. 1986. Variation of terpene composition in five population samples of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 5(3):486-495. 5, 8

* Barbour, M. G., and J. Major (eds). 1977. Terrestrial vegetation of California. J. Wiley and Sons. New York, NY. 2, 6, 7, 9

Barr, B. A., D. L. Hanson, and C. S. Koehler. 1978. Red turpentine beetle — a pest of pines. (Leaflet 21055.) University of California, Division of Agriculture Science. 11

Barry, J. W. 1974. Plant succession at Point Lobos State Reserve. California Native Plant Society, Monterey Bay Chapter. Monterey, CA. 6, 7, 9, 15

Bega, Robert V. (tech. coord.). 1978. Diseases of Pacific Coast conifers. (Agriculture Handbook 521.) U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC. 11

Blakeslee, G. M., R. D. Dorset, S. W. Oak. 1978. Inoculum dispersal of the pine pitch canker fungus, Fusarium moniliforma var. subglutinans. United States of America, American Phytopathological Society: Abstracts, Phytopathology. St. Paul, MN. 11

* Bowen, W. R., L. R. Brown, C. S. Koehler, R. J. Laake, and A. H. McCain. 1977. Pest and disease control guide for Christmas trees. (Leaflet 2994.) University of California, Division of Agriculture Science. 11

Bright, D. E., Jr., and R. W. Stark. 1973. The bark and ambrosia beetles of California. Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Bulletin on California Insect Survey, Volume 16. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. 11

* Brown, A. H., and G. F. Moran. 1981. Isozymes and the genetic resources of forest trees.  Pages 1-10 in M. T. Conkle (eds.), Proceedings of a Symposium on Isozymes of North American Forest Trees and Forest Insects. (General Technical Report PSW-48.) U.S. Forest Service, Genetic Technology. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, CA. 5

* Burdon, R. D., and C. B. Low. 1977. Variation in needle characters of Pinus radiata from mainland California. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 7(1):16-20. 8, 10

Burdon, R. D. 1992. Genetic survey of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 22:274-298. 5

Burke, H. E. 1937. Important insect enemies of the Monterey pine. Pages 21-30 in Proceedings of the Fourth Western Shade Tree Conference. Western Shade Tree Conference. Santa Barbara, CA. 11

Byrne, T. G., and W. D. Hamilton. 1963. Monterey pine “die-back”. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Growing Points: Central Coast Counties. May. University of California, Agriculture Extension Service. Berkeley, CA. 11

Byrne, T. G., W. D. Hamilton, and M. R. Bell. 1965. Monterey pine needle cast seen now. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Growing Points: Central Coast Counties. May. University of California, Agricultural Extension Service. Berkeley, CA. 11

* Cain, S. A. 1944. Foundations of plant geography. Harper & Brothers. New York, NY.    3, 8

C, D, E

California. Resources Agency. 1979. Point Lobos State Reserve and Carmel River State Beach general plan. Prepared by California Department of Parks and Recreation. Sacramento, CA. 2, 7, 9, 12

. Department of Food and Agriculture. 1987. Pine pitch canker in California. April. Sacramento, CA. 11

. Department of Food and Agriculture. 1988. Pine pitch canker in California. May. Sacramento, CA. 11

Chu-Chou, M. 1985. Effect of different mycorrhizal fungi on Pinus radiata seedling growth.  Page 206 in R. Molina (comp.), Proceedings of the 6th North American Conference on Mycorrhizae, June 25-29, 1984. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR. 4, 7

Cianciulli, P. L. 1953. Monterey pine. Notes on habitat of P. radiata and its spread across continents. Publicacao, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo. (No. 184.) (Reprinted from Loetin de Agricultura, Sao Paulo 1951.) Sao Paulo, Brazil. 2, 7

Clifton, A. L. 1964. Soil surveying for Pinus radiata in Washington; a brief outline of the occurrence of Pinus radiata soils and the procedure used for surveying them by the Department of Forests of Washington. Dissertation for B.S. in Forestry. 7

* Cobb, F. W., and D. R. Miller. 1968. Hosts and geographic distribution of Scirrhia pini, the cause of red band needle blight in California. Journal of Forestry 77(12):930-932. 11

Cockayne, A. H. 1914. The Monterey pine. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture 8(1): 1-26. 11

* Coleman, G. A. 1905. Report on Monterey pine, prepared for the Pacific Improvement Company. Prepared for Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California. Berkeley, CA. 13, 15

* Cooper, W. S. 1922. Ecology of the stand vegetation of the Pacific Coast of North America. Pages 74-75 in Yearbook No. 21. Carnegie Institute. Washington, DC. 15

. 1967. Coastal dunes of California. Geological Society of America. Boulder, CO. 9, 15

Cox, P. 1947. A silvical report on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Open file data of University Extension Urban Forester program. University of California, School of Forestry. Berkeley, CA. 2, 4, 7, 9, 14

Crespi, J. 1927. Fray Juan Crespi Diary (1769). Portola Expedition. Herbert Eugene Bolton’s Fray Juan Crespi. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. 1

Critchfield, W. B. 1966. Crossability and relationships of the closed-cone pines. Silvae Genetica 16:89-97. 5

* Critchfield, W. B., and E. L. Little. 1966. Geographic distribution of pines of the world. (U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 991.) U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC. 2

Cromer, D. A. N. 1961. Progress in measuring factors of habitat. Paper at Symposium on Research Methods in the Study of Forest Regeneration. 10th Pacific Science Congress. Honolulu, HI. 4, 7

Cromer, D. A. N., and L. T. Carron. 1961. New approaches in forest mensuration as a basis for management of Pinus radiata. (Work for Doctor of Science, Forestry, Queensland University, 1957.) Canberra, Australia. 13

* Cromer, R. N., K. G. Eldridge, D. Tompkins, and N. J. Barr. 1982. Intraspecific variation in the response of Pinus radiata to saline and waste water. Australian Forest Research 12(3):203-215. 5, 7, 8

* Cylinder, P.C. 1995. The Monterey ecological staircase and subtypes of Monterey pine forest. Fremontia 23(1):7-13. 1, 2, 7, 9

* Cylinder, P.C. 1997. Monterey pine forest conservation strategy. Fremontia 25(2), in press. 12

Dadswell, H. E., J. M. Fielding, J. W. Nicholls, and A. G. Brown. 1961. Tree-to-tree variations and the gross heritability of wood characteristics of Pinus radiata. Tappi 44(3):174-179. 5, 13

* Dick, M. and J. Bain. 1996. Pine pitch canker: the risk to New Zealand. Forest Research Institute. Rotorua, New Zealand. 11

* Douglas, R. 1966. Silvical characteristics of Monterey pine. (U.S. Forest Service Research Paper PSW-31.) Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, CA. Prepared for U.S. Forest Service, Berkeley, CA. 14

Duffield, J. W. 1951. Interrelationships of the California closed-cone pines with special reference to Pinus muricata Don. Ph.D. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA. 9

Dunning, D. 1914. Report on Monterey pine. Part II, Section A. University of California. Berkeley, CA. 15

. 1916. A working plan for the Del Monte Forest of the Pacific Improvement Company. M.S. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA. 12

Eastwood, A. 1939. Early botanical explorers on the Pacific Coast and the trees they found there. California Historical Society Quarterly 18(4):335-346. 1

Eldridge, K. G. 1983. Pinus radiata gene pools for ex situ conservation and selection. Silvicultura en Sao Paulo 32:702-704. 5, 12

Elmore, E. J., and C. Elmore. 1972. Sheep sorrel control in Monterey pines. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Growing Points: Central Coast Counties. February. University of California, Agricultural Extension Service. Berkeley, CA. 12

F, G

Fenton, G. R. 1951. Regeneration of Pinus radiata D. Don following fire. New Zealand. Forest Research Institute – Forestry Research Notes 1(4):1-10. 4, 6

Fielding, J. M. 1949. Notes on morphological differences between the trees comprising the three natural stands of Monterey pine in California. (Leaflet.) University of California, Forestry Library. Berkeley, CA. 10

. 1953. Variations in Monterey pines. (Bulletin No. 31.) Forestry & Timber Bureau of Australia. Canberra, Australia. 5, 8, 10

. 1957. Notes on the dispersal of pollen by Monterey pine. Australian Forestry 21(1):17-22. 4

. 1962. Provenances of Monterey and Bishop pines. (Bulletin No. 38.) Forestry & Timber Bureau. Canberra, Australia. 13

. 1964. Seed dissemination in forests of Pinus radiata. Australian Forestry 21(1):48-50. 4

Florence, R. G. 1967. Factors that may have a bearing upon the decline of productivity under forest monoculture. Australian Forestry 31(1):50-71. 13

Forde, M. B. 1966. Pinus radiata in California. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 11(1):20-42. 15

. 1963. Variation in the natural population of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in California. Ph.D. thesis. University of California. Berkeley, CA.                 5, 7, 8, 9, 10

* . 1964. Variation in the natural populations of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in California. Parts I-V. New Zealand Journal of Botany 2(4):213-257, 459-501. 5, 8, 10

Forestry & Timber Bureau of Australia. 1964. Fire behavior in Pinus radiata plantations, 1963. Pages 24-55 in Extract from Report of the Forestry & Timber Bureau of Australia. Canberra, Australia. 6

. 1960. Utilization of Pinus radiata. (Supplement No. 1.) References for 1948-59. Forest Products of Australia, No. 33A. Canberra, Australia. 13

. n.d. Silvicultural techniques: height and diameter development of Pinus radiata. Extract from Report of the Forestry & Timber Bureau of Australia. Pages 6-7. Canberra, Australia. 14

Fowells, H. A. (comp.) 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. (Pages 390-397 in Agriculture Handbook 271.) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Timber Management, Washington, DC. 14

Froehlich, D. 1979. The distribution of western gall rust in Golden Gate Park. Unpublished report. 11

* Furniss, R. L., and V. M. Carolin. 1977. Western forest insects. (Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339.) U.S. Forest Service. Washington, DC. 11

Gilmour, D. A., and N. P. Cheney. 1960. Experimental prescribed burn in radiata pine. Australian Forestry 32 (3):171-8. 6, 12

* Gordon, B. L. 1977. Monterey Bay Area: Natural history and cultural imprints. 2nd edition. Boxwood Press. Pacific Grove, CA. 1

Goudie, H. A. 1935. Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 3(5):208-210. 15

* Griffin, A. R. 1975. The effects of seed size, germination time and sowing density on seedling development in radiata pine. Australian Forest Research 5(4):25-28. 4

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* Langenheim, J. H., and J. W. Durham. 1963. Quarternary closed-cone pine flora from travertine near Little Sur, California. Madrono 17(2):33-68. 1, 3, 5, 9

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